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Magnetic Fields

Magnetic Fields

A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...

Motional Emf

Motional Emf

Magnetic flux depends on three factors: the strength of the magnetic field, the area through which the field lines pass, and the field's orientation with respect to the surface area. If any of these quantities vary, a corresponding variation in magnetic flux occurs. If the area through which the magnetic field lines are passing changes, then the magnetic flux also changes. This change in the area can be of two types: the flux through the rectangular loop increases as it moves into the magnetic...

Induced Electric Fields

Induced Electric Fields

The fact that emfs are induced in circuits implies that work is being done on the conduction electrons in the wires. What can possibly be the source of this work? We know that it’s neither a battery nor a magnetic field, as a battery does not have to be present in a circuit where current is induced, and magnetic fields never do any work on moving charges. The source of the work is in fact an electric field that is induced in the wires. For example, if a stationary conductor is placed in a...

Induced Electric Fields: Applications

Induced Electric Fields: Applications

An important distinction exists between the electric field induced by a changing magnetic field and the electrostatic field produced by a fixed charge distribution. Specifically, the induced electric field is nonconservative because it does not work in moving a charge over a closed path. In contrast, the electrostatic field is conservative and does no net work over a closed path. Hence, electric potential can be associated with the electrostatic field but not the induced field. The following...

Plane Electromagnetic Waves II

Plane Electromagnetic Waves II

Consider a plane wavefront traveling in position x-direction with a constant speed. This wavefront can be utilized to obtain the relationship between electric and magnetic fields with the help of Faraday's law.

Electromagnetic Fields

Electromagnetic Fields

Electric fields generated by static charges, often referred to as electrostatic fields, are characteristically different from electric fields created by time-varying magnetic fields. While the former is a conservative field, implying that no net work is done on a test charge if it goes around in a complete loop in the field, the latter is, by definition, not a conservative field; net work is done, and it is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.
However, the observation of Gauss's...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 27, 2026

External Excitation of Neurons Using Electric and Magnetic Fields in One- and Two-dimensional Cultures

External Excitation of Neurons Using Electric and Magnetic Fields in One- and Two-dimensional Cultures

Published on: May 7, 2017

Controlling electromagnetic fields.

J B Pendry¹, D Schurig, D R Smith

¹Department of Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK. j.pendry@imperial.ac.uk

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|May 27, 2006

Summary

Metamaterials enable precise control over electromagnetic fields, allowing redirection and cloaking of specific spaces. This design strategy offers new possibilities for exotic lenses and electromagnetic field cloaking applications.

Area of Science:

Electromagnetism
Materials Science
Optics

Background:

Metamaterials offer unique design flexibility for manipulating electromagnetic fields.
Controlling electromagnetic field behavior is crucial for advanced optical and cloaking technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate a design strategy for redirecting electromagnetic fields using metamaterials.
To illustrate the cloaking of a volume of space from electromagnetic fields.

Main Methods:

Utilizing the design freedom of metamaterials to control electromagnetic field propagation.
Proposing a systematic design strategy for field redirection.

Main Results:

Demonstrated consistent displacement of conserved fields (electric displacement D, magnetic induction B, Poynting vector B).

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Last Updated: Jul 27, 2026

External Excitation of Neurons Using Electric and Magnetic Fields in One- and Two-dimensional Cultures

External Excitation of Neurons Using Electric and Magnetic Fields in One- and Two-dimensional Cultures

Published on: May 7, 2017

In Vitro and In Vivo Delivery of Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia Using a Custom-Built Delivery System

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Electric and Magnetic Field Devices for Stimulation of Biological Tissues

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Provided a simple illustration of cloaking a volume of space to exclude all electromagnetic fields.

Conclusions:

Metamaterials provide a powerful platform for arbitrary redirection of electromagnetic fields.
The proposed design strategy is applicable to exotic lens design and cloaking applications.