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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Detection of the Genome and Transcripts of a Persistent DNA Virus in Neuronal Tissues by Fluorescent In situ Hybridization Combined with Immunostaining
13:22

Detection of the Genome and Transcripts of a Persistent DNA Virus in Neuronal Tissues by Fluorescent In situ Hybridization Combined with Immunostaining

Published on: January 23, 2014

Anti-apoptotic function of a microRNA encoded by the HSV-1 latency-associated transcript.

A Gupta1, J J Gartner, P Sethupathy

  • 1Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

Nature
|June 2, 2006
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Herpes simplex virus-1 latency involves a microRNA (miRNA) encoded by the latency-associated transcript (LAT) gene. This LAT miRNA protects infected neurons from apoptosis by modulating TGF-beta signaling, aiding viral persistence.

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Detection of the Genome and Transcripts of a Persistent DNA Virus in Neuronal Tissues by Fluorescent In situ Hybridization Combined with Immunostaining
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Temporal Analysis of the Nuclear-to-cytoplasmic Translocation of a Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Protein by Immunofluorescent Confocal Microscopy
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siRNA Electroporation to Modulate Autophagy in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Infected Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells

Published on: October 28, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression by targeting messenger RNAs (mRNAs).
  • The herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) latency-associated transcript (LAT) is expressed during neuronal latency and promotes infected cell survival.
  • The mechanism by which LAT confers anti-apoptotic properties remains unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether a miRNA encoded by the HSV-1 LAT gene contributes to apoptosis resistance.
  • To identify and characterize the specific miRNA derived from the LAT gene.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of LAT-mediated apoptosis inhibition.

Main Methods:

  • Transfection of neuroblastoma cells with LAT gene fragments.
  • Infection of cells with wild-type and mutant HSV-1 strains.
  • Characterization of miRNA expression using molecular techniques.
  • Analysis of apoptosis markers and TGF-beta pathway components (TGF-beta 1, SMAD3).

Main Results:

  • A miRNA, termed miR-LAT, was identified within the first exon of the HSV-1 LAT gene.
  • Cells expressing LAT fragments or infected with wild-type HSV-1 showed reduced apoptosis.
  • A mutant HSV-1 lacking the miR-LAT sequence failed to protect cells from apoptosis.
  • miR-LAT was shown to downregulate transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 and SMAD3 expression.

Conclusions:

  • The HSV-1 LAT gene encodes a miRNA (miR-LAT) that confers resistance to apoptosis.
  • miR-LAT inhibits apoptosis by downregulating the TGF-beta signaling pathway.
  • This miRNA plays a crucial role in maintaining HSV-1 latency and persistence in sensory neurons.