Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Signal Sequences and Sorting Receptors01:41

Signal Sequences and Sorting Receptors

9.9K
Signal sequences are short amino acid sequences that guide newly synthesized proteins to their proper location within the cell. Classical signal sequences are fifteen to sixty amino acids long and present at the N-terminus of a polypeptide chain. Each signal sequence has a conserved segment of basic residues towards their N terminus, a hydrophobic core, and a C-terminus rich in polar residues. The C-terminus also contains a signal cleavage site and features a -3 -1 sequence motif. The -3-1...
9.9K
Mass Spectrum01:23

Mass Spectrum

5.3K
A mass spectrum is the graphical representation of the relative abundance of the charged fragments in an analyte plotted against their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). The plot's x-axis represents the ratio of the mass of the charged fragment to the number of charges it carries. The y axis of the plot represents the relative abundance of each charged species. The relative abundance is calculated from the signal intensity of each charged species recorded at the detector. The most intense signal (the...
5.3K
Classification of Signals01:30

Classification of Signals

1.6K
In signal processing, signals are classified based on various characteristics: continuous-time versus discrete-time, periodic versus aperiodic, analog versus digital, and causal versus noncausal. Each category highlights distinct properties crucial for understanding and manipulating signals.
A continuous-time signal holds a value at every instant in time, representing information seamlessly. In contrast, a discrete-time signal holds values only at specific moments, often denoted as x(n), where...
1.6K
Energy and Power Signals01:17

Energy and Power Signals

1.4K
In an electrical system with a resistor, voltage and current signals facilitate the measurement of power and energy across the resistor. For a continuous-time signal, the total energy over a time interval is defined as the integral of the square of the signal's magnitude over that interval. Mathematically, this is expressed as:
1.4K
Signal Flow Graphs01:18

Signal Flow Graphs

843
Signal-flow graphs offer a streamlined and intuitive approach to representing control systems, providing an alternative to traditional block diagrams. These graphs use branches to symbolize systems and nodes to represent signals, effectively illustrating the relationships and interactions within the system.
In a signal-flow graph, branches denote the system's transfer functions, while nodes represent the signals. The direction of signal flow is indicated by arrows, with the corresponding...
843
Aggregates Classification01:29

Aggregates Classification

1.0K
Aggregate classification is generally based on its size, petrographic characteristics, weight, and source. Size classification ranges from coarse to fine aggregates, defined by the size of the particles. Coarse aggregates are particles that do not pass through ASTM sieve No. 4, and aggregates that pass through the sieve are fine aggregates.
Petrographic classification groups aggregates based on common mineralogical characteristics. Some of the common mineral groups found in aggregates are...
1.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Cellular nucleic acid-binding protein (CNBP) dependent cytokine programming shapes host defense against <i>Plasmodium</i> infection.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Licensed to pore: Gasdermins in action.

Cell chemical biology·2026
Same author

Editorial Expression of Concern: DOCK8 functions as an adaptor that links TLR-MyD88 signaling to B cell activation.

Nature immunology·2026
Same author

Lymph node-targeted DNA engages TBK1/IFN-I-driven innate immunity to induce potent T cell responses and durable memory in mice and NHPs.

Science advances·2026
Same author

A recipe for chaos: Extrachromosomal DNA and the hallmarks of cancer.

Cell·2026
Same author

Endothelial cell expression of STING<sup>V154M</sup>: Gain-of-function mutation delays the resolution of UVB-induced skin injury.

The Journal of investigative dermatology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

A Visual Guide to Sorting Electrophysiological Recordings Using 'SpikeSorter'
10:31

A Visual Guide to Sorting Electrophysiological Recordings Using 'SpikeSorter'

Published on: February 10, 2017

10.5K

Sorting out Toll signals.

Katherine A Fitzgerald1, Zhijian J Chen

  • 1Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA. kate.fitzgerald@umassmed.edu

Cell
|June 6, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Toll-like receptor adaptors like TIRAP/Mal bind to PIP2 at the plasma membrane. This interaction is crucial for recruiting MyD88 to Toll-like receptor 4, linking immune signaling with phospholipid metabolism.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key components of the innate immune system, recognizing microbial products.
  • TLR activation triggers intracellular signaling cascades involving adaptor proteins to induce specific gene expression.
  • Distinct TLRs recruit different adaptors, leading to TLR-specific immune responses.

Discussion:

  • The adaptor TIRAP/Mal was found to bind phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) at the plasma membrane.
  • This PIP2 binding is essential for the recruitment of the adaptor MyD88 to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4).
  • This mechanism reveals a direct link between TLR signaling pathways and cellular phospholipid metabolism.

Key Insights:

  • TIRAP/Mal localization to the plasma membrane is regulated by PIP2.

More Related Videos

Signal Acquisition, Score Interpretation, and Economics of a Non-Invasive Point-of-Care Test for Coronary Artery Disease
06:16

Signal Acquisition, Score Interpretation, and Economics of a Non-Invasive Point-of-Care Test for Coronary Artery Disease

Published on: August 9, 2024

1.2K
Setting a Successful Sorting for Extracellular Vesicle Isolation
08:37

Setting a Successful Sorting for Extracellular Vesicle Isolation

Published on: October 11, 2024

1.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 2, 2026

A Visual Guide to Sorting Electrophysiological Recordings Using 'SpikeSorter'
10:31

A Visual Guide to Sorting Electrophysiological Recordings Using 'SpikeSorter'

Published on: February 10, 2017

10.5K
Signal Acquisition, Score Interpretation, and Economics of a Non-Invasive Point-of-Care Test for Coronary Artery Disease
06:16

Signal Acquisition, Score Interpretation, and Economics of a Non-Invasive Point-of-Care Test for Coronary Artery Disease

Published on: August 9, 2024

1.2K
Setting a Successful Sorting for Extracellular Vesicle Isolation
08:37

Setting a Successful Sorting for Extracellular Vesicle Isolation

Published on: October 11, 2024

1.7K
  • PIP2 acts as a molecular bridge, facilitating MyD88 recruitment to TLR4.
  • This study uncovers crosstalk between Toll-like receptor signaling and phospholipid metabolism.

    • Outlook:

    • Further investigation into the role of phospholipid metabolism in innate immunity.
    • Exploring therapeutic strategies targeting the TLR-PIP2-MyD88 interaction.
    • Understanding how other TLRs and adaptors interact with membrane lipids.