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Updated: Aug 7, 2026

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment
Published on: September 20, 2020
Basic forms of cognitive plasticity extended into the oldest-old: retest learning, age, and cognitive functioning
Lixia Yang1, Ralf T Krampe, Paul B Baltes
1Centre for Life-Span Psychology, Max-Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany. lixiay@ryerson.ca
Abstract:
To address the question of whether cognitive plasticity varies by age and level of cognitive functioning in the older population, the authors used a self-guided retest paradigm to assess the basic forms of plasticity of 34 young-olds (M=74.4 years, range=70-79) and 34 oldest-olds (M=84.0 years, range=80-91), with half in each age group screened for high or low (midrange) level of cognitive functioning. As a whole, members of the sample represent about the upper two thirds of their age cohorts. Results show persistent, though age-reduced, learning in all samples and across all tests. However, age is not differentially "kinder" to the more able with respect to the age-graded decline in learning.
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