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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Stroke Volume01:27

Regulation of Stroke Volume

The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload.
Preload refers to the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts. It's analogous to the stretching of a rubber band; the more it's stretched, the more forcefully it snaps back. This concept is encapsulated in the Frank-Starling law of the...
Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send blood...
Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate...
Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction01:15

Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction

IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery
04:48

Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery

Published on: November 28, 2018

Influence of load changes on tricuspid inflow.

E Mandysová1, P Niederle

  • 1Hospital Na Homolce, Roentgenova 2, Prague, Czech Republic. eva.mandysova@homolka.cz

Physiological Research
|June 24, 2006
PubMed
Summary

The right ventricular filling pattern in healthy individuals is significantly influenced by changes in cardiac load. Understanding this load-dependency is crucial for accurate interpretation of interventions.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • The right ventricular filling pattern, assessed via tricuspid valve inflow, is known to be load-dependent.
  • Doppler inflow tracings during tidal breathing at rest demonstrate this load-dependency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the extent of tricuspid inflow changes under significant load alterations.
  • To evaluate right ventricular filling dynamics during maneuvers inducing preload and afterload variations.

Main Methods:

  • Pulsed Doppler tracings of tricuspid inflow were recorded in 31 healthy subjects.
  • Measurements were taken during forced inspiration, leg elevation (increased preload), and handgrip exercise (increased afterload).
  • Data were compared to baseline end-expiratory phase during tidal breathing.

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Continuous Venous-Arterial Doppler Ultrasound During a Preload Challenge
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Continuous Venous-Arterial Doppler Ultrasound During a Preload Challenge

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Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery
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Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery

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Comprehensive Echocardiographic Assessment of Right Ventricle Function in a Rat Model of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
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Continuous Venous-Arterial Doppler Ultrasound During a Preload Challenge
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Continuous Venous-Arterial Doppler Ultrasound During a Preload Challenge

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Main Results:

  • Elevation of lower extremities (increased preload) led to significantly larger increases in early (E) and late (A) filling velocities (p<0.001).
  • Isometric exercise (increased afterload) also induced significant, though less pronounced, changes in E (p<0.001) and A (p<0.01) velocities.
  • These findings highlight the sensitivity of right ventricular filling to hemodynamic changes.

Conclusions:

  • The right ventricular filling pattern in healthy humans is highly sensitive to cardiac load.
  • Pharmacological or other interventions affecting right ventricular function must be assessed under strictly controlled resting conditions to avoid confounding load effects.