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Related Concept Videos

Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs. “eh”). Phonemes combine to...
Language Development01:22

Language Development

Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
Attachment01:20

Attachment

Attachment is vital for infant development, as warm social interactions support growth and well-being. In a classic 1958 study by Harry Harlow, the significance of warmth and comfort in forming attachments was examined. Harlow separated newborn monkeys from their mothers and provided two artificial "mothers": one made of cold wire and the other covered in soft cloth. Despite the wire mother offering food, the infant monkeys preferred the comfort of the cloth mother, demonstrating that physical...
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Relationship with Parents: Attachment

Parent-child interactions lay the foundation for how we understand relationships throughout life. These interactions are not uniform across families; instead, they are shaped by a range of environmental, emotional, and behavioral factors unique to each caregiver-child dynamic. Social psychologists study these early relationships to understand how patterns formed in infancy influence social functioning and interpersonal behavior in adulthood.Attachment Theory and Early Relational ModelsJohn...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
06:35

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Published on: April 28, 2016

Three-term contingency patterns in mother-child verbal interactions during first-language acquisition.

E L Moerk

    Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
    |November 1, 1990
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Maternal rewards and corrections in child language acquisition show patterns analyzed by Markov-chain logic. Behavioral learning theories are supported but may need integration with cognitive and social factors for a complete skill-learning approach.

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    Area of Science:

    • Developmental Psychology
    • Linguistics
    • Behavioral Science

    Background:

    • Longitudinal data from mother-child verbal interactions were analyzed.
    • Focus on three-term contingency sequences reflecting maternal rewards and corrections.
    • Examination of antecedents and consequences of maternal interventions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore training and learning processes in early language development.
    • To analyze the patterning of maternal-child verbal interactions.
    • To evaluate the sufficiency of behavioral conceptualizations in learning.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of a large longitudinal dataset of mother-child verbal interactions.
    • Identification and frequency comparison of three-term contingency sequences.
    • Application of Markov-chain logic to substantiate interaction patterns.

    Main Results:

    • Observed interaction sequences were compared against Markov-chain predictions.
    • Behavioral learning conceptualizations of the learning process were supported by the analyses.
    • The sufficiency of purely behavioral models was questioned.

    Conclusions:

    • Maternal rewards and corrections play a role in language transmission.
    • Behavioral learning alone may not fully explain language acquisition complexity.
    • Integration with perceptual, cognitive, and social learning is suggested for a comprehensive skill-learning approach.