Markov models of integrating spheres for hyperspectral imaging

Theoretical models of the signal detected by a CCD camera during hyperspectral imaging with an integrating sphere are derived using Markov chains with absorbing states. The models provide analytical expressions that describe the real reflectance of the sample as a function of the detected signal at each pixel of the image. Validation of the models was done by using reflectance standards and tissue phantoms. The models provide accurate analytical solutions for samples and spheres that are near-Lambertian reflectors.