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Updated: Aug 7, 2026

Conformable Wearable Electrodes: From Fabrication to Electrophysiological Assessment
Published on: July 22, 2022
A practical approach to electrode-skin impedance unbalance measurement
Enrique M Spinelli1, Miguel A Mayosky, Ramon Pallás-Areny
1Laboratorio de Electrónica Industrial Control e Instrumentación, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas CC 91, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. spinelli@ieee.org
Abstract:
Unbalance between electrode-skin impedances is a major problem in biopotential recordings, leading to increased power-line interference. This paper proposes a simple, direct method to measure that unbalance at power-line frequency (50-60 Hz), thus allowing the determination of actual recording conditions for biopotential amplifiers. The method is useful in research, amplifier testing, electrode design and teaching purposes. It has been experimentally validated by using both phantom impedances and real electrode-skin impedances.
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