Air movement evokes electro-olfactogram oscillations in the olfactory epithelium and modulates olfactory processing...

In many animals, neurons in the olfactory system have been shown to respond not only to odorants but also to air movements. However, the manner in which the mechanical dynamics of odor stimulation affect olfactory processing remains poorly understood. Using a series of flow rates and odor concentrations from clean air to high-concentration vapors, we systematically analyzed the effects of air movement and odor concentration on olfactory processing. We extracellularly recorded local field potentials and spike units from the olfactory epithelium (OE) and tentacular nerve (TN), which connects the first and second relay centers of olfactory information, in the terrestrial slug Limax marginatus. We found that clean air puffs at a flow rate of 0.18 ml/s (gentle wind), but not high-concentration odor puffs at lower flow rates, induced electro-olfactogram (EOG) oscillations in the OE with a constant frequency (2.5 Hz), regardless of the odor. Surgically isolated OE preparations also showed these EOG oscillations, indicating that the oscillations arose from the OE independently of the downstream circuits. The EOG oscillations entrained the slower spontaneous TN oscillations (1-2 Hz) to the fixed rhythm (2.5 Hz). Spontaneous and odor-evoked units were phase-locked to the TN oscillation peaks. This TN oscillation entrainment by the EOG oscillations caused stronger phase-locking, specifically TN oscillation peaks and EOG oscillation troughs. Taken together, these results suggest that when odors are carried by a gentle wind, the air movement induces EOG oscillations and modulates rhythmic spike patterning of olfactory outputs to the second olfactory relay center in Limax.