Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) in environmental analysis and monitoring

Compared to conventional one-dimensional gas chromatography (1D-GC), comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) offers increased peak capacity, improved resolution and enhanced mass sensitivity. In addition, it generates structured two-dimensional (2-D) chromatograms, which aids in the identification of compound classes. Sample preparation procedures can often be minimized, or even eliminated in some cases, due to the superior separating power offered by the technique. All of these advantages make GC x GC a very powerful tool in environmental analysis involving the determination of trace levels of toxic compounds in complex matrices. This review paper summarizes and examines the historical and recent GC x GC applications in environmental analysis and monitoring.