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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study enhances Global Positioning System (GPS) time and frequency transfer by addressing code-phase inconsistencies and daily data discontinuities. New methods improve short-term transfer stability, ensuring robust, bias-free solutions.

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Area of Science:

  • Geodesy
  • Satellite Navigation Systems
  • Metrology

Background:

  • Carrier phase measurements from Global Positioning System (GPS) are crucial for precise time and frequency transfer.
  • Existing methods face limitations due to inconsistencies between code and phase observations and data discontinuities at daily boundaries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and mitigate issues affecting the quality of time and frequency transfer using GPS carrier phase measurements.
  • To develop and implement strategies for overcoming code-phase inconsistencies and daily data gaps.

Main Methods:

  • Classification and detection of events causing time-code inconsistencies, with implementation in Bernese GPS Software.
  • Development and testing of two new methods, clock handover and ambiguity stacking, to address daily discontinuities.
  • Comparison of new methods with an independent time-transfer technique using network station data.

Main Results:

  • Strategies implemented can detect time-code inconsistencies exceeding the 20 ns noise level.
  • Both clock handover and ambiguity stacking methods enhance transfer stability for averaging times shorter than 8 days.
  • Continuous solutions demonstrate robustness against modeling and preprocessing errors, preventing permanent bias accumulation.

Conclusions:

  • The developed methods effectively address key limitations in GPS-based time and frequency transfer.
  • Short-term stability is improved, while long-term benefits require further investigation.
  • Continuous processing solutions offer reliable and bias-free results for high-precision applications.