Dietary intake changes and their association with ovarian cancer risk

There are reasons to suspect that dietary changes through adult life may modify risk for some cancers. We examined the association of recent and past dietary habits and changes in dietary intake over time with ovarian cancer risk. Long-term nutritional assessment was performed retrospectively in 631 incident cases of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer and in 1174 matched controls (matched by age +/- 2 y, country of origin, and period of immigration) as part of a nationwide case-control study of ovarian cancer conducted between the years of 1994 and 1996 in Israel. Using a 2-step quantified Food Frequency Questionnaire, participants were first asked about their consumption of food items 1 y prior to the interview, and then whether their consumption had changed over time. The time of the change and consumption level before the change were recorded, allowing reconstruction of daily intakes for several time points. The reported mean percentage of animal fat intake decreased by 1.3% in cases but by 1.9% in controls (P for difference = 0.003). Conditional multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios adjusted for total energy, parity, and oral contraceptive use. Substituting nonanimal fat in preference to animal fat over a relatively short term (between 2 and 7 y prior to interview) decreased the risk of ovarian cancer [OR = 0.65/100 kcal (418.4 kJ), 95% CI = 0.50 - 0.85]. Our results suggest that substitution of nonanimal for animal fat during adult life might reduce the risk of ovarian cancer, but this requires confirmation in prospective studies.