Bioecologic control of inflammation and infection in critical illness

Surgical and medical emergencies and treatments are still affected by an unacceptably high rate of morbidity and mortality. Sepsis is the most common medical and surgical complication and the tenth most common cause of death. Antibiotics and antagonists and inhibitors of proinflammatory cytokines have not met expectations. Selective bowel decontamination is no longer a treatment option. After more than 30 randomized clinical trials and 30 years of dedicated efforts to combat sepsis by the use of various combinations of antibiotics, we seem ready to conclude that the vigorous use of antibiotics does not significantly reduce mortality in critically ill patients. Side effects and price constitute important obstacles, especially when it comes to use of cytokine antagonists and inhibitors.