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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Related Experiment Video

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Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
26:48

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Autoimmune thyroid encephalopathy presenting with epilepsia partialis continua.

Zeynep Aydin-Ozemir1, Erdem Tüzün, Betül Baykan

  • 1Department of Neurology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Clinical EEG and Neuroscience
|August 26, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Autoimmune thyroiditis can manifest as multifocal motor status epilepticus, a rare neurological condition. Screening for anti-thyroid antibodies is recommended for patients with unexplained seizures.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Autoimmune thyroiditis is an endocrine disorder.
  • Neurological manifestations of autoimmune thyroiditis are rare.
  • Status epilepticus is a neurological emergency characterized by prolonged seizures.

Observation:

  • A 37-year-old female presented with intractable multifocal motor status epilepticus, quadriparesis, and ataxia.
  • MRI revealed pathological signal alterations in the precentral cortices.
  • Autoimmune thyroiditis was diagnosed via radiological and thyroid function tests.

Findings:

  • The patient's seizures resolved promptly after intravenous steroid treatment.
  • Immunohistochemistry showed neuronal staining in plasma and CSF samples.
  • This case highlights autoimmune thyroiditis as a potential cause of migrating focal motor status epilepticus.

Implications:

  • Autoimmune thyroiditis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained multifocal motor status epilepticus.
  • Anti-thyroid antibody screening may aid in diagnosing challenging neurological cases.
  • This finding expands the spectrum of neurological presentations associated with autoimmune thyroiditis.