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Related Concept Videos

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes01:15

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at the...
Electrochemical Gradient and Channel Proteins: An Overview01:21

Electrochemical Gradient and Channel Proteins: An Overview

An electrochemical gradient is a fundamental concept in biology and chemistry. It regulates the movement of ions across cell membranes. This movement is influenced by two factors:
The electrical gradient: The electrical gradient across cell membranes refers to the difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a cell.  This difference drives the movement of ions towards or away from the cells. For instance, if the inside of the cell is more negatively charged relative to the...
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The Resting Membrane Potential

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Resting Membrane Potential01:24

Resting Membrane Potential

The relative difference in electrical charge, or voltage, between the inside and the outside of a cell membrane, is called the membrane potential. It is generated by differences in permeability of the membrane to various ions and the concentrations of these ions across the membrane.
The Inside of a Neuron is More Negative
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Processes at Electrodes01:30

Processes at Electrodes

The electrode interacts with ions in the electrolyte solution at its interface. The rate of oxidation and reduction depends on the speed at which electrons can transfer through this interface. As ions attach to or leave the electrode surface, the electrode acquires a charge, and an electrical potential forms across the interface, making the process more difficult to reach equilibrium. The charge on the electrode affects the local ion concentrations in the solution, though thermal motion...
Theory of Strong Electrolytes01:23

Theory of Strong Electrolytes

The interionic forces of the strong electrolytes depend on the solvent's dielectric constant, which is the ability of a solvent to store electrical energy, based on its polarizability. and the solution's concentration. In high-dielectric solvents and in dilute solutions, weak electrostatic forces keep ions apart. However, in low-dielectric solvents or concentrated solutions, stronger interionic forces may cause ions to pair up as ionic doublets despite being fully ionized. The theory of strong...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Porous Substrate-Based Electroporation with Transepithelial Electrical Impedance Monitoring
08:06

Porous Substrate-Based Electroporation with Transepithelial Electrical Impedance Monitoring

Published on: September 27, 2024

Membrane electroporation theories: a review.

C Chen1, S W Smye, M P Robinson

  • 1Department of Electronics, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD York, UK.

Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing
|August 26, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Electroporation uses electric fields to temporarily increase cell membrane permeability, enabling molecule delivery. This technique shows promise for in vivo therapies like electrochemotherapy and gene therapy, though a full theoretical understanding is still developing.

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Published on: January 7, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Electroporation is an established in vitro method for introducing molecules into cells.
  • It involves transiently increasing cell membrane permeability using high electric fields.
  • This process creates pores in the cell membrane, allowing passage of various molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current theoretical basis of electroporation.
  • To explore existing and potential applications of electroporation in biology and medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature on electroporation theories.
  • Analysis of current and potential biological and medical applications.

Main Results:

  • Electroporation occurs when trans-membrane voltage exceeds a threshold (0.2-1 V).
  • This leads to molecular rearrangement and pore formation, significantly increasing membrane permeability.
  • The phenomenon underpins applications like electrochemotherapy and gene therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Electroporation is a powerful technique with significant therapeutic potential.
  • Further theoretical development is needed to fully understand and optimize its in vivo applications.