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Related Concept Videos

Ribosomes01:27

Ribosomes

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Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome...
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Ribosomes01:27

Ribosomes

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Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome...
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From DNA to Protein03:06

From DNA to Protein

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The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
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ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis01:28

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

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Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Most macromolecules are composed of single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers.
Conversion of...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
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Translation01:31

Translation

17.4K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
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Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Single Molecule Fluorescence Energy Transfer Study of Ribosome Protein Synthesis
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Single Molecule Fluorescence Energy Transfer Study of Ribosome Protein Synthesis

Published on: July 6, 2021

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Protein synthesis molecule by molecule.

Ido Golding1, Edward C Cox

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. igolding@princeton.edu

Genome Biology
|August 30, 2006
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bacterial cell individuality in protein levels, long suspected, is now precisely measured at the single-molecule level. This breakthrough quantifies cellular heterogeneity in molecular biology research.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Cellular heterogeneity in protein expression is a known phenomenon since the advent of molecular biology.
  • Previous research indicated significant differences in protein levels among individual bacterial cells within a population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify bacterial cell individuality in protein levels with single-molecule resolution.
  • To provide precise measurements of cellular heterogeneity in bacterial populations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized advanced techniques to achieve single-molecule resolution.
  • Quantified protein level variations across individual bacterial cells.

Main Results:

  • Successfully quantified protein level differences at the single-molecule level.
  • Demonstrated the extent of cellular heterogeneity in bacterial cultures.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides the first precise quantification of single-cell protein level heterogeneity in bacteria.
  • This advancement opens new avenues for understanding bacterial physiology and response to stimuli.