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Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Stimulation of Cytoplasmic DNA Sensing Pathways In Vitro and In Vivo
Published on: September 18, 2014
Role of immunostimulatory DNA and TLR9 in gene therapy
Kei Yasuda1, Hermann Wagner, Yoshinobu Takakura
1Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Abstract:
One of the key issues of DNA-based therapies is the immunostimulatory effect caused by DNA, which it has a significant impact on the consequences of these therapies. This is a result of the recognition by Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9); a pattern recognition receptor for unmethylated CpG motifs within DNA sequences. However, recent studies show that TLR9 can recognize non-CpG motifs and induce cellular activation when DNA is efficiently delivered to TLR9, for example, by cationic lipids. Moreover, recent research shows that TLR9-independent immunoactivation could take place. Here, we have attempted to present an overview of immunoactivation by DNA to optimize DNA-based therapies.
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