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Association Areas of the Cortex

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

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Error-likelihood prediction in the medial frontal cortex: a critical evaluation.

Sander Nieuwenhuis¹, Tanja Sophie Schweizer, Rogier B Mars

¹Department of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands. snieuwenhuis@fsw.leidenuniv.nl

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)

|September 8, 2006

Summary

The posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) may not predict error likelihood as proposed. Studies found no evidence that pMFC activity changes based on predicted error rates during tasks.

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Neuroscience
Neuroimaging
Decision Making

Background:

The error-likelihood (EL) hypothesis proposes posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) involvement in predicting future error rates.
This hypothesis suggests pMFC activity should increase in response to cues signaling higher error likelihood.

Purpose of the Study:

To empirically test the EL hypothesis's prediction regarding pMFC activity.
To investigate if cue-signaled error likelihood influences pMFC activation in humans.

Main Methods:

Three experiments were conducted, including two functional neuroimaging (fMRI) and one event-related potentials (ERP) study.
Participants performed tasks while brain activity was monitored to assess responses to error-predictive cues.

Main Results:

All experiments confirmed increased pMFC activity associated with errors, conflict, and negative feedback, consistent with prior research.
No experiment provided evidence for enhanced pMFC activity in response to cues predicting high versus low error rates.
No learning-related changes in pMFC response to error-likelihood cues were observed.

Conclusions:

The findings challenge the current formulation of the EL hypothesis.
The hypothesis requires further empirical validation to support its proposed role for pMFC in error-likelihood prediction.
Alternative explanations for pMFC function in task performance warrant consideration.