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Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Clinical Application of Phase Angle and BIVA Z-Score Analyses in Patients Admitted to an Emergency Department with Acute Heart Failure
Published on: June 30, 2023
[Acute heart failure]
Julija Brazdzionyte1, Andrius Macas, Audrone Mickeviciene
1Clinic of Cardiology, Kaunas University of Medicine, Lithuania. julbra@kmu.lt
Abstract:
There are still many discussions among physicians how heart failure should be defined. Despite many suggested traditional classifications, majority of definitions circulating in clinical practice and their appropriate usage remain unclear. A new approach of acute heart failure classification suggested by European Society of Cardiology is presented in the article. Diagnostic strategy of acute heart failure as well as recommendations for prehospital and inpatient treatment of its forms (pulmonary edema and cardiogenic shock) are presented in the article. Application of new medications, recently introduced to the clinical practice for treatment of acute heart failure, is discussed.
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