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Bone Remodeling

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

Fractures: Bone Repair

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...

Bone Disorders

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Improved Methodology for Studying Postnatal Osteogenesis via Intramembranous Ossification in a Murine Bone Marrow Injury Model

Improved Methodology for Studying Postnatal Osteogenesis via Intramembranous Ossification in a Murine Bone Marrow Injury Model

Published on: February 7, 2025

Mechanisms of pathologic new bone formation.

Kurt de Vlam¹, Rik J U Lories, Frank P Luyten

¹University Hospitals Leuven, Division of Rheumatology, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. Kurt.devlam@uzleuven.be

Current Rheumatology Reports

|September 16, 2006

Summary

New bone formation, a hallmark of spondyloarthropathies, progresses independently of inflammation. Therapies for these conditions must target both bone remodeling and inflammation for effective ankylosis control.

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Distinctive Capillary Action by Micro-channels in Bone-like Templates can Enhance Recruitment of Cells for Restoration of Large Bony Defect

Distinctive Capillary Action by Micro-channels in Bone-like Templates can Enhance Recruitment of Cells for Restoration of Large Bony Defect

Published on: September 11, 2015

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Last Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Improved Methodology for Studying Postnatal Osteogenesis via Intramembranous Ossification in a Murine Bone Marrow Injury Model

Improved Methodology for Studying Postnatal Osteogenesis via Intramembranous Ossification in a Murine Bone Marrow Injury Model

Published on: February 7, 2025

Distinctive Capillary Action by Micro-channels in Bone-like Templates can Enhance Recruitment of Cells for Restoration of Large Bony Defect

Distinctive Capillary Action by Micro-channels in Bone-like Templates can Enhance Recruitment of Cells for Restoration of Large Bony Defect

Published on: September 11, 2015

Area of Science:

Rheumatology
Orthopedics
Pathology

Background:

Pathologic new bone formation contributes to joint dysfunction and disability in inflammatory diseases.
Syndesmophyte formation and ankylosis are key features of spondyloarthropathies, representing abnormal bone remodeling.
Existing anti-inflammatory treatments for spondyloarthropathies do not halt ankylosis progression.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between inflammation and new bone formation in spondyloarthropathies.
To highlight the need for therapeutic strategies addressing both inflammation and bone formation.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on bone formation and inflammatory joint diseases.
Analysis of cohort studies on spondyloarthropathy treatment outcomes.

Main Results:

New bone formation, including syndesmophytes, occurs independently of inflammation in spondyloarthropathies.
Inflammation control alone is insufficient to prevent progressive ankylosis.
New bone formation is also observed in non-inflammatory conditions like osteoarthritis.

Conclusions:

Bone formation and inflammation appear to be largely independent processes in the context of spondyloarthropathies.
Therapeutic strategies for spondyloarthropathies require dual targeting of inflammation and abnormal bone formation.
Controlling both processes is crucial for managing ankylosis and preventing disability.