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Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct regions...

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Implementing Patch Clamp and Live Fluorescence Microscopy to Monitor Functional Properties of Freshly Isolated PKD Epithelium

Implementing Patch Clamp and Live Fluorescence Microscopy to Monitor Functional Properties of Freshly Isolated PKD Epithelium

Published on: September 1, 2015

Adrenal cysts: an institutional experience.

P V Pradeep¹, Anand K Mishra, Vivek Aggarwal

¹Department of Endocrine Surgery, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rae-Bareillei Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India.

World Journal of Surgery

|September 20, 2006

Summary

Adrenal cysts are rare, but elective surgical excision is recommended for definitive diagnosis and to prevent complications. This approach ensures accurate histopathology and mitigates risks like bleeding or pressure effects from adrenal cysts.

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A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

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Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Implementing Patch Clamp and Live Fluorescence Microscopy to Monitor Functional Properties of Freshly Isolated PKD Epithelium

Implementing Patch Clamp and Live Fluorescence Microscopy to Monitor Functional Properties of Freshly Isolated PKD Epithelium

Published on: September 1, 2015

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

Microscopic Cyst Resection for the Treatment of Patients Diagnosed with Epididymal Cyst

Microscopic Cyst Resection for the Treatment of Patients Diagnosed with Epididymal Cyst

Published on: March 31, 2023

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Surgical Oncology

Background:

Adrenal cysts are uncommon endocrine system findings.
This study reviews institutional experience with adrenal cyst management.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess management options for adrenal cysts.
To evaluate the institutional experience with adrenal cysts.

Main Methods:

Retrospective review of seven adrenal cyst cases over 15 years.
Utilized ultrasound and computerized tomography (CT) scans for diagnosis.
Two functional cysts (Cushing's syndrome, pheochromocytoma) and five incidentalomas were identified.

Main Results:

No malignancies were found in the adrenal cysts.
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy was successfully performed in three patients without complications.
Cysts varied in number and laterality, including single, double, and multiple unilateral cysts.

Conclusions:

Hormonal work-up is essential for all adrenal cysts to detect sub-clinical disease.
Surgical excision offers definitive diagnosis and prevents complications like hemorrhage.
Elective excision is the preferred treatment for adrenal cysts due to vascularity and potential complications.