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Related Concept Videos

Anatomical Positions01:11

Anatomical Positions

In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
The body is upright, facing forward, and standing erect.
The feet are parallel and flat on the floor.
The arms are hanging by the...
Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
Pneumothorax-I01:26

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Pulmonary Embolism III: Nursing Management01:27

Pulmonary Embolism III: Nursing Management

A pulmonary embolism occurs when a thrombus, amniotic fluid, tumor tissue, fat, or air embolus blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. Effective nursing management and patient education are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing recurrence.Nursing management starts with obtaining a comprehensive patient history, particularly noting any history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Assess for clinical manifestations, including dyspnea, chest pain, crackles, heart murmurs, and signs of right-sided...
Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

An Educational Video Demonstration of How to Prone a Critically Ill Intubated Patient
07:16

An Educational Video Demonstration of How to Prone a Critically Ill Intubated Patient

Published on: November 30, 2022

[Hepatic infarction following prolonged prone position].

Maiko Satomoto1, Yufuki Takagi, Hiroshi Igarashi

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu.

Masui. the Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology
|September 21, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Prolonged prone positioning during long surgeries can lead to liver dysfunction and infarction, even without immediate complications. This rare complication highlights the importance of monitoring liver health post-surgery in such cases.

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Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Hepatology
  • Surgical Complications

Context:

  • A 61-year-old female patient with chronic renal failure underwent a lengthy posterior spinal fusion exceeding ten hours.
  • The patient was maintained in the prone position for the majority of the surgical procedure.

Purpose:

  • To report a rare case of liver infarction following prolonged prone positioning during spinal surgery.
  • To emphasize the potential for ischemic liver injury in patients undergoing extended surgeries in the prone position.

Summary:

  • Despite an apparently uncomplicated surgery, the patient developed significant liver dysfunction postoperatively.
  • Computed tomography confirmed liver infarction on the third postoperative day, a rare event given dual hepatic blood supply.
  • This case suggests a link between prolonged prone positioning and ischemic liver complications.

Impact:

  • Highlights a potential, albeit rare, complication of prolonged prone positioning in major surgeries.
  • Underscores the need for vigilant postoperative liver function monitoring in patients undergoing extended surgeries in the prone position.
  • Contributes to understanding the risks associated with surgical positioning and its impact on visceral organ perfusion.