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Updated: Jul 19, 2026

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
Published on: September 17, 2013
Occupational (and non-occupational) risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders
S Mattioli1, R Brillante, Francesca Zanardi
1Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, UO Occupational Medicine, S Orsola Malpighi Hospital. s.mattioli@unibo.it
Background:
Musculoskeletal disorders are an important cause of disability and absence from work in industrialized countries. A number of studies reported the importance of occupational, personal and psycho-social factors in the aetiology of these work-related disorders.
Objectives And Methods:
To stress the complex relationships existing between risk factors, reporting findings from reviews and original studies regarding two of the most significant musculoskeletal disorders: carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and low back pain (LBP).
Conclusions:
More detailed epidemiological studies are needed to explore the interactions between risk (and protective) factors, since these can play the role of determinants, confounders or effect modifiers.
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