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Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

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Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Transfecting and Nucleofecting Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Transfecting and Nucleofecting Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: October 5, 2011

Progress and prospects: gene transfer into embryonic stem cells.

F Yates¹, G Q Daley

¹Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

|October 4, 2006

Summary

Genetically modified human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) offer a path to pure cell populations for treating diseases. Advances in genome editing and cell selection promise unprecedented quality control for gene therapy applications.

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Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Transfecting and Nucleofecting Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Transfecting and Nucleofecting Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: October 5, 2011

In vitro and in vivo Bioluminescence Reporter Gene Imaging of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

In vitro and in vivo Bioluminescence Reporter Gene Imaging of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: May 2, 2008

CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Highly Efficient Gene Targeting in Embryonic Stem Cells for Developing Gene-Manipulated Mouse Models

CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Highly Efficient Gene Targeting in Embryonic Stem Cells for Developing Gene-Manipulated Mouse Models

Published on: August 24, 2022

Area of Science:

Stem cell biology
Regenerative medicine
Gene therapy

Background:

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) provide a potential unlimited source of human tissue.
Differentiating hESCs into pure, clinically useful cell populations for treating genetic and degenerative diseases remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To review advances in genome editing and somatic cell nuclear transfer for hESC research.
To explore the potential of genetically modified hESCs for gene therapy and regenerative medicine.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on genome editing tools (e.g., CRISPR-Cas9).
Discussion of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) techniques.
Exploration of cell selection and expansion strategies.

Main Results:

Genome editing and SCNT theoretically enable the creation of genetically repaired isogenic cells.
Single-cell isolation and expansion offer a novel approach to quality control in cell therapy.
Existing mouse ESC tools can be adapted for hESC applications.

Conclusions:

Genetically modified hESCs hold significant promise for treating genetic and degenerative diseases.
Advanced cell manipulation techniques can enhance the safety and efficacy of gene therapy.
Further research applying these tools to hESCs is warranted for clinical translation.