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Spongy Bone

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts— that give the...

Bone Structure

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.

The Bone Matrix

The Bone Matrix

Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in acid or...

Compact Bone

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...

Bone Remodeling

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Trabecular Bone Microarchitecture Evaluation in an Osteoporosis Mouse Model

Trabecular Bone Microarchitecture Evaluation in an Osteoporosis Mouse Model

Published on: September 8, 2023

Interrelationships between electrical properties and microstructure of human trabecular bone.

J Sierpowska¹, M A Hakulinen, J Töyräs

¹Department of Physics, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland. Joanna.Sierpowska@uku.fi

Physics in Medicine and Biology

|October 5, 2006

Summary

Electrical properties of trabecular bone correlate with its microstructure. This study found that dielectric parameters like dissipation factor and relative permittivity can predict bone structure, offering potential for new bone quality assessment methods.

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Trabecular Bone Microarchitecture Evaluation in an Osteoporosis Mouse Model

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Area of Science:

Biophysics
Biomaterials Science
Orthopedics

Background:

Osteoporosis is characterized by microstructural bone changes, reducing bone strength.
Bone mineral density measurements do not fully capture bone quality.
Electrical and dielectric properties may offer insights into trabecular bone microstructure.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between electrical/dielectric parameters and trabecular bone microstructure.
To explore the potential of impedance spectroscopy for assessing bone quality.

Main Methods:

Computed microtomography (microCT) was used to analyze structural properties (SMI, BV/TV) of human trabecular bone samples (n=26).
Electrical impedance spectroscopy (50 Hz-5 MHz) was performed to determine parameters like relative permittivity and dissipation factor.
Statistical analyses, including linear correlations and principal component analysis, were applied.

Main Results:

Significant linear correlations were found between the dissipation factor and BV/TV or SMI.
The high-frequency principal component of the dissipation factor correlated significantly with SMI.
Relative permittivity predicted 73% of the variation in BV/TV.

Conclusions:

Electrical and dielectric parameters of trabecular bone are significantly related to its microstructure.
Relative permittivity and dissipation factor show specific relationships with microCT-derived parameters.
Findings support the development of impedance spectroscopy for in vitro or intraoperative bone quality assessment.