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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Power02:36

Nuclear Power

Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
Nuclear Fuels
Nuclear fuel consists of a fissile isotope, such as uranium-235, which must be present in sufficient quantity to provide a...
Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they produce ions...
Mutations01:35

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
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Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
The average...
Absorption of Radiation01:05

Absorption of Radiation

The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
The average value of the rate of momentum transfer divided by the absorbing area represents the average force per...

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Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident
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Published on: December 14, 2017

Radiation protection at an aviation museum.

Robert J Barish1

  • 1In-Flight Radiation Protection Services, Inc., 211 E. 70th St., Ste. 12G, New York, NY 10021, USA. robbarish@verizon.net

Health Physics
|October 7, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Radium (Ra) in vintage aircraft instruments poses potential hazards. A U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (U.S. NRC) proposal may regulate this radioactive material, impacting museums and state regulations.

Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Science
  • Environmental Health
  • Regulatory Science

Background:

  • Naturally occurring radium (Ra) was historically used in consumer products for self-luminescence.
  • This included widespread application in aircraft instruments, leading to potential radioactive material leakage.
  • Facilities storing these items, like museums, may face regulatory scrutiny.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the potential radiological hazards of radium in aircraft and instruments at the USS Intrepid museum.
  • To assess the implications of proposed U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (U.S. NRC) regulations on such artifacts.
  • To examine compatibility issues between federal and state regulations concerning byproduct material.

Main Methods:

  • Radiological hazard assessment of aircraft and instruments.

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Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident
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  • Review of U.S. NRC proposed rule amendments.
  • Analysis of potential state regulatory conflicts.

    • Main Results:

    • Investigation identified potential hazards associated with radium-containing aircraft instruments.
    • Findings inform the U.S. NRC's proposed classification of radium as byproduct material.
    • The study highlights the need for regulatory clarity and compatibility.

    Conclusions:

    • Radium in historical artifacts presents unique regulatory challenges.
    • The proposed U.S. NRC regulations require careful consideration for museums and similar institutions.
    • Intergovernmental regulatory compatibility is crucial for managing radioactive materials.