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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.
The de Broglie Wavelength02:32

The de Broglie Wavelength

In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a table will behave like a particle; it will continue traveling in a straight line unless it collides with another ball, or it is acted on by some other force, such as friction. The ball has a well-defined position and velocity or well-defined momentum, p = mv, which is defined by mass m and velocity v at any given moment. This is the typical...
Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the others.
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns01:13

¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns

When protons A and X are coupled, their nuclear spin energy levels are slightly modified. This is because the energy required to excite proton A to a spin state parallel to proton X is slightly different from the energy required for it to become anti-parallel to spin X. Consequently, there are two possible excitation frequencies for A (A1 and A2), depending on the spin state of X, and vice versa. The mutual nature of coupling implies that the difference between frequencies A1 and A2, indicated...
Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

Controlled splitting of an atomic wave packet.

M Zhang1, P Zhang, M S Chapman

  • 1Center for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.

Physical Review Letters
|October 10, 2006
PubMed
Summary

We developed a simple method to split atomic wave packets using two moving optical traps. This technique offers flexibility for atom interferometry and functions as a high-fidelity atom optical beam splitter.

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Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
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Published on: June 8, 2018

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
10:37

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Area of Science:

  • Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
  • Quantum Optics

Background:

  • Atom interferometry is a powerful tool for precision measurements.
  • Efficient beam splitters are crucial for high-fidelity atom interferometry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and demonstrate a novel scheme for adiabatically splitting atomic wave packets.
  • To present a flexible and high-fidelity atom optical beam splitter for atom interferometry.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing two independent, translating optical dipole traps to manipulate atomic wave packets.
  • Implementing adiabatic passage techniques for controlled wave packet splitting.

Main Results:

  • Successfully demonstrated adiabatic splitting of an atomic wave packet.
  • Achieved high fidelity in the beam splitting process.
  • Showcased the flexibility of the proposed scheme for various atom interferometry setups.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed scheme provides a simple and effective method for creating atom optical beam splitters.
  • This technique enhances the capabilities of atom interferometry by offering high fidelity and flexibility.