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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Meningitis01:24

Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease involving inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when pathogenic bacteria cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the cerebrospinal fluid. Common causative organisms include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli K1. The exact route of entry varies by pathogen and host condition.Routes of Entry...
Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...

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Intradermal Inoculation of Mycobacterium avium in the Mouse Ear
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Microbiologically confirmed meningoencephalitis due to Enterococcus avium: a first report.

Sarah Jones1, Ruth England, Morgan Evans

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases, Nottingham City Hospital NHS Trust, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK.

The Journal of Infection
|October 10, 2006
PubMed
Summary

A rare case of meningoencephalitis and vertebral discitis caused by Enterococcus avium in an elderly woman is presented. Prompt antimicrobial treatment resolved the brain infection, but spinal infection required prolonged therapy.

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Meningoencephalitis and vertebral discitis are serious infections that can affect elderly individuals.
  • Enterococcus avium is a Gram-positive bacterium that can cause a range of infections.

Observation:

  • An 80-year-old female patient presented with meningoencephalitis.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed Enterococcus avium as the causative pathogen.
  • The patient subsequently developed vertebral discitis.

Findings:

  • The meningoencephalitis resolved within three weeks of antimicrobial therapy.
  • Vertebral discitis, a spinal infection, necessitated a longer course of treatment.
  • Enterococcus avium was the sole identified pathogen in this case.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the potential for Enterococcus avium to cause severe central nervous system and spinal infections.
  • It underscores the importance of considering Enterococcus species in polymicrobial or culture-negative infections.
  • The findings suggest that vertebral discitis may require more aggressive or prolonged antimicrobial management compared to meningoencephalitis in certain cases.