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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...

Standard Precaution

Standard Precaution

Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
Hand hygiene is the most crucial means to prevent the transmission of disease. Employers are legally required to provide their workers with personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize exposure or contact with...

Infection

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...

Hand hygiene

Hand hygiene

Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
Hand washing...

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
Contact Precautions:
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Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model

Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model

Published on: October 31, 2010

Infection control in countries with limited resources.

W C Huskins¹, B Soule

¹Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. huskins@a1.tch.harvard .edu

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases

|October 13, 2006

Summary

Effective hospital infection control programs have advanced in resource-limited nations, particularly in Asia and Latin America. Future challenges include implementing these programs widely and tackling antimicrobial resistance and tuberculosis transmission.

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Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model

Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model

Published on: October 31, 2010

Area of Science:

Healthcare Management
Infectious Disease Epidemiology
Public Health

Background:

Significant progress in hospital infection control programs has been observed in resource-limited settings, especially in Asia and Latin America.
National nosocomial infection surveillance systems are increasingly adopted, notably in Brazil, to monitor infection rates and prevention effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight achievements in hospital infection control in resource-limited areas.
To identify future challenges and areas for improvement in hospital infection prevention and control.

Main Methods:

Review of existing hospital infection control programs and surveillance methods in resource-limited countries.
Analysis of challenges related to program expansion, antimicrobial resistance, and healthcare worker protection.

Main Results:

Successful implementation of infection control programs and surveillance in parts of Asia and Latin America.
Identification of nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis and antimicrobial resistance as emerging critical issues.

Conclusions:

Expanding effective hospital infection control programs to underserved hospitals remains a significant organizational and logistical challenge.
Further research and practical solutions are required for antimicrobial resistance, tuberculosis control, healthcare worker safety, and cost-effective sterilization and disinfection methods.