Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Dual Test Gas Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity Measurement During Exercise in Humans Using the Single-Breath Method
Published on: February 2, 2024
Dyspnea
1National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
Abstract:
Dyspnea, defined as uncomfortable or labored breathing, is a common and often devastating cause of distress for patients and their caregivers with advanced cancer and other life-threatening illnesses. The mechanism by which dyspnea develops is not fully understood, but it involves integration of the central respiratory complex with the sensory (perceptual) cortex. The gold standard of diagnosis is patient self-report. Careful assessment should be undertaken to identify reversible existing causes. Systemic opioids are the first-line therapy for symptomatic management, along with other general comfort measures (positioning, cool air, calming environment). Medical or surgical management can be directed toward underlying causes. Advanced care planning should include discussions concerning the burdens and benefits of medical/surgical management of underlying causes of dyspnea to more effectively direct goals of care. This article reviews current literature on dyspnea, with a focus on items published since 2000.
Related Concept Videos
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities I
Acute Respiratory Failure-IV
Respiratory System Abnormal Finding I: Inspection and Percussion
Inspection Findings
During an inspection, several findings may suggest the presence of respiratory distress or disease. Pursed-lip breathing, where exhalation is slowed by...
Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations
Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract II: Inspection
Chest Configuration
The chest configuration can...