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Related Concept Videos

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...

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Genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators: using genetics and molecular design to understand complex physiology.

Michael I Kotlikoff1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401, USA. mik7@cornell.edu

The Journal of Physiology
|October 14, 2006
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Summary

Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) allow real-time monitoring of cell signaling in mammals. This review highlights their design, application in transgenic mice, and future genetic strategies for in vivo studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cell signaling is crucial for understanding mammalian physiology.
  • Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) offer a powerful tool for observing calcium dynamics.
  • In vivo monitoring of cellular activity presents unique challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development and application of GECIs for studying mammalian cell signaling.
  • To evaluate the advantages and limitations of different GECI design strategies.
  • To discuss recent advancements in genetically specifying GECIs for in vivo imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on GECIs.
  • Analysis of experimental results from GECI expression in transgenic mice.
  • Focus on in vivo physiological signaling monitoring.

Main Results:

  • GECIs provide valuable insights into complex cell signaling pathways.
  • Specific GECI designs offer distinct advantages and disadvantages for in vivo applications.
  • Recent experiments demonstrate successful physiological signaling monitoring in live animals.

Conclusions:

  • GECIs are essential tools for advancing our understanding of mammalian physiology.
  • Continued innovation in GECI design and genetic targeting will enhance in vivo research.
  • Future strategies for genetic specification promise more precise control over GECI function.