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Related Concept Videos

Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
Muscles of the Eye01:20

Muscles of the Eye

The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and rotating...
Focusing of Light in the Eye01:16

Focusing of Light in the Eye

Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Quantification of Visual Feature Selectivity of the Optokinetic Reflex in Mice
09:28

Quantification of Visual Feature Selectivity of the Optokinetic Reflex in Mice

Published on: June 23, 2023

Dynamics in longitudinal eye movements and corneal shape.

D Robert Iskander1, Henryk T Kasprzak

  • 1School of Optometry, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove Q4059, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. d.iskander@qut.edu.au

Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)
|October 17, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Eye movements, including pulse and respiration, do not significantly alter corneal shape estimation. However, slow corneal changes up to 120 micrometers were observed, relevant for ophthalmic applications.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Quantification of Visual Feature Selectivity of the Optokinetic Reflex in Mice
09:28

Quantification of Visual Feature Selectivity of the Optokinetic Reflex in Mice

Published on: June 23, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology and Vision Science
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Optometry

Background:

  • High-speed videokeratoscopy is crucial for accurate corneal shape assessment.
  • Understanding dynamic eye movements' impact on corneal measurements is essential for ophthalmic applications.
  • Previous research has not fully elucidated the relationship between longitudinal eye movements and corneal topography.

Observation:

  • Longitudinal eye movements up to 200 micrometers were measured using a 50 Hz high-speed videokeratoscope.
  • Cardiopulmonary influences (pulse and respiration) contributed approximately 40-50 micrometers to apex movements.
  • Spectral analysis revealed distinct signatures of pulse, respiration, and blinks in eye movement data.

Findings:

  • No direct correlation was found between rapid longitudinal apex movements and corneal curvature.
  • Slow, significant changes in corneal shape, up to 120 micrometers in central radius of curvature, were detected.
  • Temporal variations in the estimated central radius of curvature ranged from 10 to 15 micrometers.

Implications:

  • Accurate corneal shape measurement is vital for contact lens fitting and refractive surgery.
  • Understanding slow corneal changes may refine diagnostic and surgical procedures.
  • This research provides insights into ocular dynamics affecting precise corneal topography.