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Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health concern, primarily targeting the lungs and spreading through airborne transmission. Infection begins when aerosolized droplet nuclei, expelled by an individual with active TB, are inhaled by another person. These microscopic particles carry Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB. Upon reaching the alveoli, the bacilli are engulfed by alveolar macrophages. However, due to their specialized lipid-rich cell wall, these pathogens...

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the progression...

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Updated: Jul 19, 2026

A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data

A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data

Published on: December 9, 2015

Seasonality in various forms of tuberculosis.

N Nagayama¹, M Ohmori

¹National Hospital Organization Tokyo Hospital, Kiyose City, Japan. nagayama@tokyo.hosp.go.jp

The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease : the Official Journal of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease

|October 19, 2006

Summary

Tuberculosis (TB) notification seasonality varies by TB type in Japan. Most TB cases were lowest in winter, but specific forms like childhood TB peaked in spring, indicating distinct clinical development patterns.

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Published on: September 5, 2017

Area of Science:

Epidemiology
Infectious Diseases
Public Health

Background:

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge.
Understanding temporal patterns in TB notification is crucial for effective public health strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the seasonal variations in the notification of different forms of tuberculosis in Japan.
To compare seasonal trends across various TB subtypes.

Main Methods:

Descriptive analysis of newly notified TB cases over a five-year period (1998, 2000-2003).
Examination of notification data by month to identify seasonal patterns.
Comparative analysis of seasonality among different TB forms.

Main Results:

Overall TB notifications were lowest from November to January.
Childhood TB and pleural TB showed peak notifications in spring (March-May) and spring to early summer (April-June), respectively.
Sputum smear-positive pulmonary TB (PTB) in young individuals peaked in spring, while in the elderly, it peaked in late spring to summer (May-August). Lymph node TB also exhibited a summer peak.

Conclusions:

The seasonality of TB notification is distinct for various forms of the disease.
These seasonal differences likely reflect variations in the timing of clinical manifestation for different TB disease types, including primary and post-primary TB.