Timing and computation in inner retinal circuitry

In the vertebrate inner retina, the second stage of the visual system, different components of the visual scene are transformed, discarded, or selected before visual information is transmitted through the optic nerve. This review discusses the connections between higher-level functions of visual processing, mathematical descriptions of the neural code, inner retinal circuitry, and visual computations. In the inner plexiform layer, bipolar cells deliver spatially and temporally filtered input to approximately ten anatomical strata. These layers receive a unique combination of excitation and inhibition, causing cells in different layers to respond with different kinetics to visual input. These distinct temporal channels interact through amacrine cells, a diverse class of inhibitory interneurons, which transmit signals within and between layers. In particular, wide-field amacrine cells transmit transient inhibition over long distances within a layer. These mechanisms and properties are combined into computations to detect the presence of differential motion and suppress the visual effects of eye movements.