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Related Concept Videos

Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects01:25

Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects

Acute inflammation produces a coordinated set of local and systemic changes that limit injury, eliminate pathogens, and initiate repair. These responses arise within minutes of infection, trauma, or chemical insult and are driven by vascular alterations and leukocyte-derived mediators. When the stimulus resolves, the reaction typically abates within days.Local EffectsAt the site of injury, arteriolar vasodilation increases blood flow, resulting in redness and warmth. Simultaneously, increased...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Inflammation01:38

Inflammation

Overview
Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair01:24

Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair

The immune system's inflammatory response destroys the invading pathogen, permitting the tissue to heal. The changes during the cellular and vascular stages allow exudate formation at the site of inflammation. The inflammatory exudate released from the wound has high protein content and a specific gravity above 1.020.
The typical wound exudate is odorless, transparent, straw-colored, thin, and watery. Exudate, however, can differ depending on the state of wound healing. Likewise, the exudate's...
Acute Inflammation I: Inflammatory Response01:26

Acute Inflammation I: Inflammatory Response

Acute inflammation is a rapid, short-lived physiological response to tissue injury or infection, designed to eliminate harmful agents and initiate repair. This tightly regulated process typically lasts from minutes to several days and is triggered by factors such as microbial invasion, physical trauma, or chemical injury.Recognition and Mediator ReleaseThe inflammatory response begins when resident immune cells—such as mast cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells—detect damage-associated...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
04:58

Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds

Published on: October 20, 2012

Pro-inflammatory cytokines in elective flap surgery.

Annette Schmidt1, Anders Bengtsson, Maria Tylman

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany. annette,schmidt@web.de

The Journal of Surgical Research
|November 7, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Breast reconstruction surgery triggers inflammation. The TRAM flap procedure showed higher IL-6 levels, while implants influenced IL-8, indicating varying inflammatory responses to different surgical techniques.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
04:58

Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds

Published on: October 20, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Immunology
  • Surgical Oncology

Background:

  • Surgical trauma induces the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
  • Investigated inflammatory mediators and monocyte/macrophage activation in breast reconstruction patients post-mastectomy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and monocyte/macrophage activation across three distinct breast reconstruction surgical procedures.
  • To evaluate the impact of surgical complexity and implant use on the inflammatory response.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective, controlled, randomized trial involving 30 mastectomized women.
  • Compared lateral thoracodorsal (LTD), latissimus dorsi (LD), and pedicled transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap reconstructions.
  • Monitored serum levels of TNF, IL-6, IL-8, neopterin, CRP, and leukocytes pre-operatively and at 24 hours and 2 weeks post-operatively.

Main Results:

  • Elevated IL-6 levels were observed 24 hours post-surgery in all groups, with significantly higher levels in the TRAM group.
  • IL-8 levels increased 2 weeks post-surgery, with higher mean levels in the LTD and LD groups compared to the TRAM group.
  • CRP levels were elevated one day post-surgery in all groups; TNF and leukocyte counts remained within normal ranges.

Conclusions:

  • Flap-based breast reconstruction procedures stimulate a pro-inflammatory response, with variations based on surgical technique.
  • The TRAM flap, being the most extensive, correlated with the highest IL-6 levels.
  • Higher IL-8 levels in the LTD and LD groups may suggest immunomodulation by the saline-filled silicone implants used in these procedures.