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Related Concept Videos

Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity
12:17

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity

Published on: August 12, 2018

Apoptosis assays.

Marcela Oancea1, Suparna Mazumder, Meredith E Crosby

  • 1Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, OH, USA.

Methods in Molecular Medicine
|November 7, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Researchers have developed numerous methods to identify apoptotic cells by analyzing morphological and biochemical changes. These techniques detect key markers like phosphatidylserine exposure and caspase activation, crucial for understanding cell death.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Apoptosis is a fundamental biological process involving significant morphological, biochemical, and molecular changes.
  • Identifying apoptotic cells is crucial for understanding various physiological and pathological conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize the diverse methods available for identifying apoptotic cells.
  • To highlight the key markers and techniques used to analyze apoptosis.

Main Methods:

  • Flow cytometry for detecting sub-G1 DNA content and nuclear condensation.
  • Staining techniques such as Trypan Blue and Hoechst staining.
  • Annexin V-fluorochrome conjugates and propidium iodide (PI) staining to differentiate early and late apoptotic stages.
  • Assays to detect activated caspases, chromatin condensation, and DNA fragmentation.

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Modified Annexin V/Propidium Iodide Apoptosis Assay For Accurate Assessment of Cell Death
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Modified Annexin V/Propidium Iodide Apoptosis Assay For Accurate Assessment of Cell Death

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Preparation of Cell-lines for Conditional Knockdown of Gene Expression and Measurement of the Knockdown Effects on E4orf4-Induced Cell Death
13:54

Preparation of Cell-lines for Conditional Knockdown of Gene Expression and Measurement of the Knockdown Effects on E4orf4-Induced Cell Death

Published on: October 21, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity
12:17

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity

Published on: August 12, 2018

Modified Annexin V/Propidium Iodide Apoptosis Assay For Accurate Assessment of Cell Death
07:34

Modified Annexin V/Propidium Iodide Apoptosis Assay For Accurate Assessment of Cell Death

Published on: April 24, 2011

Preparation of Cell-lines for Conditional Knockdown of Gene Expression and Measurement of the Knockdown Effects on E4orf4-Induced Cell Death
13:54

Preparation of Cell-lines for Conditional Knockdown of Gene Expression and Measurement of the Knockdown Effects on E4orf4-Induced Cell Death

Published on: October 21, 2012

  • Analysis of mitochondrial involvement, including Bcl-2 family proteins and cytochrome c translocation.

    • Main Results:

    • Apoptotic cells exhibit reduced DNA content and nuclear condensation, detectable by flow cytometry and specific stains.
    • Phosphatidylserine externalization on the plasma membrane is a hallmark of early apoptosis, detectable by Annexin V.
    • Activated caspases, chromatin condensation, and DNA fragmentation are key biochemical indicators of apoptosis.
    • Mitochondrial pathways involving Bcl-2 family proteins and cytochrome c play a critical role in initiating apoptosis.

    Conclusions:

    • A wide array of methods exists for the accurate identification and analysis of apoptotic cells.
    • These methods target distinct morphological, biochemical, and molecular events occurring during apoptosis.
    • Understanding these markers is essential for research in cell death and related diseases.