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Related Concept Videos

Malaria01:29

Malaria

Malaria pathogenesis in humans reflects a delicate interplay between parasite biology and host response. Clinical illness reflects a host’s immune response to the parasite’s asexual replication cycle, which is often asymptomatic in individuals with partial immunity. From the parasite's perspective, transmission between mosquito and human with minimal host pathology is evolutionarily advantageous. Among the six Plasmodium species infecting humans, P. falciparum and P. vivax dominate in global...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment01:22

Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment

Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...
Antiprotozoal Agents01:21

Antiprotozoal Agents

Leishmaniasis is a widespread parasitic disease caused by several Leishmania species. It affects millions of people each year and remains a major public health problem in endemic regions. First-line treatment relies on pentavalent antimonials, including meglumine antimoniate and sodium stibogluconate. Even so, how these drugs work has not been fully clear, especially their interaction with parasite-specific biochemical pathways. One key target is trypanothione reductase (TR), an enzyme that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

In Vivo Tracking of Edema Development and Microvascular Pathology in a Model of Experimental Cerebral Malaria Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging
09:04

In Vivo Tracking of Edema Development and Microvascular Pathology in a Model of Experimental Cerebral Malaria Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: June 8, 2017

Adjuvant therapy in cerebral malaria.

Sanjib Mohanty1, D K Patel, S S Pati

  • 1Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Unit, Ispat General Hospital, Rourkela 769005, India. sanjibmalaria@rediffmail.com

The Indian Journal of Medical Research
|November 7, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Cerebral malaria, a severe encephalopathy, has high mortality despite antimalarial drugs. Adjuvant therapies show promise but require rigorous clinical trials for validation.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Cerebral malaria is a leading cause of non-traumatic encephalopathy globally.
  • Standard antimalarials like quinine and artemisinin are effective but do not always prevent persistent or worsening symptoms.
  • High mortality rates persist, particularly with multi-organ failure, despite effective treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of adjuvant therapies in treating cerebral malaria.
  • To discuss agents acting through alternative mechanisms to address multifactorial pathogenesis.
  • To highlight the limitations of existing clinical trials and the need for further research.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of adjuvant therapies for cerebral malaria.
  • Discussion of agents including corticosteroids, pentoxifylline, desferrioxamine, and mannitol.

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A Simple Protocol for Platelet-mediated Clumping of Plasmodium falciparum-infected Erythrocytes in a Resource Poor Setting

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In Vivo Tracking of Edema Development and Microvascular Pathology in a Model of Experimental Cerebral Malaria Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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A Simple Protocol for Platelet-mediated Clumping of Plasmodium falciparum-infected Erythrocytes in a Resource Poor Setting

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  • Analysis of the shortcomings in current clinical trial methodologies.

    • Main Results:

    • Adjuvant therapies aim to target multifactorial pathogenetic processes like cytokine release and cerebral edema.
    • Existing clinical trials for adjuvant therapies often suffer from small sample sizes and lack of randomization.
    • Efficacy of adjuvant treatments remains uncertain due to methodological limitations.

    Conclusions:

    • Adjuvant therapy holds potential for improving cerebral malaria outcomes.
    • Current evidence is limited by the quality of clinical trials.
    • Large-scale, multicentric, double-blind controlled trials are essential to establish the efficacy of adjuvant drugs.