An alternative lidocaine hydrochloride liposomal gel formulation: preparation, percutaneous permeation, and release

Jin-Hong Gong1, Yang Liu, Li-Hua Tang

  • 1College of Pharmacy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
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Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...