Unlocking Goji berries polysaccharides: therapeutic potential, biomedical implications and future trends

Goji berry (Lycium barbarum) polysaccharides (LBPs) are a significant class of compounds, widely applied in food medicine and health care. As natural modulators of the gut microenvironment, they have garnered considerable attention for their ability to regulate intestinal microbiota, prevent and manage intestinal tumors, and alleviate inflammatory bowel conditions. Their advantages, including abundant availability, stable biological activity, and minimal side effects, have increased their applications. This review incorporates studies from 2020-2025 to explore the influence of key structural features of polysaccharides, such as monosaccharide composition, glycosidic linkage types, and molecular weight, on their biological activities. A dedicated structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis is presented, connecting specific LBP structural parameters to mechanistic pathways including TLR4/NF-κB, Wnt/β-catenin, Nrf2, and MAPK signaling. The review also summarizes the regulatory effects of polysaccharides on various components of intestinal health, including the gut microbiota, mucosal barrier, immune defense, and mucus layer. Furthermore, it discusses the underlying mechanisms through which polysaccharides exert their functions within the host organism. Goji berry polysaccharides exhibit promising potential in promoting gut and systemic health. They enhance antioxidant capacity, support immune function, exert antitumor and anti-inflammatory effects, and aid in regulating blood glucose and lipid metabolism. This review highlights recent advancements in polysaccharide research and provides valuable insights that may guide the future trends of food and drug products aimed at improving intestinal and overall health.