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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Toxins01:12

Bacterial Toxins

Bacterial toxins are sophisticated virulence factors that enable pathogenic bacteria to interact with, invade, and damage host tissues. These toxins fall broadly into two types: protein exotoxins, which are secreted into the environment and target specific host receptors, and lipopolysaccharide endotoxins, which are structural components of the bacterial outer membrane released primarily during bacterial lysis or membrane shedding. Exotoxins generally act more selectively, binding to cell...
Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:28

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
Inhalation Anthrax01:25

Inhalation Anthrax

Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium. It primarily affects herbivorous animals but can be transmitted to humans through skin contact, ingestion, or inhalation of spores.Cutaneous anthrax, the most common form, typically results from direct contact with bacterial spores through skin abrasions and is generally less severe. Gastrointestinal anthrax results from eating undercooked or contaminated meat. It affects the mouth, throat, or...
Botulism01:22

Botulism

Botulism is a life-threatening neuroparalytic condition caused by botulinum neurotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe.In adults, the toxin enters the body in different ways: in foodborne botulism, the preformed toxin is absorbed in the intestine. In wound botulism, spores grow in injured tissue and release the toxin into the blood. Infant botulism differs mechanistically from adult forms. In infants, botulism commonly...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

A Reproducible Intensive Care Unit-Oriented Endotoxin Model in Rats
05:56

A Reproducible Intensive Care Unit-Oriented Endotoxin Model in Rats

Published on: February 20, 2021

Endotoxin apheresis for sepsis.

Tomoharu Shimizu1, Yoshihiro Endo, Hiroshi Tsuchihashi

  • 1Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.

Transfusion and Apheresis Science : Official Journal of the World Apheresis Association : Official Journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis
|November 23, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Apheresis therapy removes toxic substances to restore organ function in sepsis. This review focuses on endotoxin apheresis using polymyxin B immobilized fiber columns for septic shock treatment.

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Use of Animal Model of Sepsis to Evaluate Novel Herbal Therapies
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Published on: April 11, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 18, 2026

A Reproducible Intensive Care Unit-Oriented Endotoxin Model in Rats
05:56

A Reproducible Intensive Care Unit-Oriented Endotoxin Model in Rats

Published on: February 20, 2021

Endotoxin Activity Assay for the Detection of Whole Blood Endotoxemia in Critically Ill Patients
06:28

Endotoxin Activity Assay for the Detection of Whole Blood Endotoxemia in Critically Ill Patients

Published on: June 24, 2019

Use of Animal Model of Sepsis to Evaluate Novel Herbal Therapies
07:34

Use of Animal Model of Sepsis to Evaluate Novel Herbal Therapies

Published on: April 11, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Critical care medicine
  • Nephrology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Sepsis involves a complex inflammatory cascade.
  • Microbial components like endotoxin trigger severe inflammation.
  • Organ dysfunction is a hallmark of septic shock.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the principle use of apheresis in sepsis treatment.
  • To emphasize endotoxin apheresis for septic shock.
  • To discuss novel methods for removing bacterial components.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on apheresis in sepsis.
  • Focus on polymyxin B immobilized fiber columns (Toraymyxin).
  • Inclusion of Lixelle and CTR for bacterial component removal.

Main Results:

  • Apheresis aims to remove toxic substances and restore organ function.
  • Early control of inflammation by removing endotoxin is crucial.
  • Toraymyxin is widely used in Japan for endotoxin removal in septic shock.

Conclusions:

  • Apheresis is a key therapeutic strategy in sepsis management.
  • Targeting microbial components like endotoxin is vital.
  • Emerging technologies offer new avenues for sepsis treatment.