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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion

Published on: May 10, 2018

Is it dietary insulin?

¹Laboratory for Immunobiology, Department of Viral Disease and Immunology, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland. outi.vaarala@ktl.fi

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

|November 30, 2006

Summary

Dietary bovine insulin can trigger an immune response against self-insulin, potentially leading to type 1 diabetes. Impaired oral tolerance in the gut immune system is linked to this autoimmune condition.

Area of Science:

Immunology
Endocrinology
Gastroenterology

Background:

The immune system's tolerance to self-insulin can be broken by dietary bovine insulin, initiating an immune response against human insulin.
Oral tolerance, regulated by the gut immune system, is crucial for preventing autoimmunity. Factors like genetics, gut microflora, and infections influence its development.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the link between the gut immune system, oral tolerance, and the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D).
To investigate how impaired tolerance to dietary insulin contributes to autoimmunity in T1D.

Main Methods:

Review of evidence linking intestinal immune system aberrations to T1D.
Analysis of factors affecting oral tolerance and their role in autoimmunity.

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Last Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion

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Published on: May 10, 2018

Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamps in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice

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Published on: November 16, 2011

Insulin Injection and Hemolymph Extraction to Measure Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster

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Main Results:

Aberrant intestinal immune activation and increased gut permeability are observed in children with T1D.
These intestinal abnormalities may impair the control of tolerance to dietary insulin.

Conclusions:

Dysfunctional gut immune responses and impaired oral tolerance to dietary insulin are implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes.
Secondary immunization events, potentially involving viral infections, can exacerbate this response, leading to autoimmune attack on pancreatic islets.