Immunostimulatory RNA oligonucleotides trigger an antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cell and IgG2a response

Single-stranded RNA oligonucleotides containing an immunostimulatory motif (immunostimulatory RNA [isRNA]) are potent inducers of interferon-alpha via the Toll-like receptor 7. We investigated the effect of isRNA on the development of an immune response. We show that isRNA activates dendritic cells and induces production of Th1-type cytokines both in vitro and in vivo. Cytokine production led to bystander activation of T and B cells. We further demonstrate that isRNA triggers the generation of antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells and of an IgG2a-biased antibody response to antigen in a sequence-dependent manner. In summary, we provide evidence for the first time that isRNA oligonucleotides can simultaneously activate the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system.