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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Facet-to-facet Linking of Shape-anisotropic Colloidal Cadmium Chalcogenide Nanostructures

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Published on: August 10, 2017

Decorated, tapered, and highly nonlinear granular chain.

Robert Doney¹, Surajit Sen

¹U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland 21005, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|December 13, 2006

Summary

Tapered granular chains offer excellent energy absorption, improving with size and tapering. A new solution enhances performance for all chain sizes, showcasing impressive shock mitigation capabilities.

Area of Science:

Physics
Materials Science
Mechanical Engineering

Background:

Inertial mismatches in 1D granular chains enhance energy absorption.
Performance scales with the number of spheres (N) and tapering (q).
Short chains have limited energy absorption capacity.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a solution for improving energy absorption in granular chains of any size.
To analyze the nonlinear dynamics and shock absorption characteristics.
To illustrate mitigation capabilities using normalized kinetic energy diagrams.

Main Methods:

Investigated 1D granular chains with inertial mismatches.
Developed and analyzed an improved tapered chain design.
Utilized normalized kinetic energy diagrams to assess performance.

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Published on: November 12, 2014

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Facet-to-facet Linking of Shape-anisotropic Colloidal Cadmium Chalcogenide Nanostructures

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Scalable Nanohelices for Predictive Studies and Enhanced 3D Visualization

Scalable Nanohelices for Predictive Studies and Enhanced 3D Visualization

Published on: November 12, 2014

Main Results:

The proposed solution significantly enhances energy absorption for all chain sizes.
Granular chain dynamics are complex and not accurately modeled by hard-sphere approximations.
Shock absorption capacity varies with position along the chain.

Conclusions:

The improved tapered granular chains demonstrate superior energy absorption and shock mitigation.
These nonlinear, scalable systems offer a promising solution for impact protection.
Further research into their complex dynamics is warranted.