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Related Concept Videos

Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
Genes exist in different versions called alleles, which...
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The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...
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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).Mechanisms of Genetic VariationThe original sources of genetic variation are mutations,...
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Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.For one, natural selection can only act upon existing genetic variation. Hypothetically, redtusks may enhance elephant survival by deterring ivory-seeking poachers. However, if there are no gene variants—or alleles—for redtusks, natural selection cannot increase the prevalence of...
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Crop cultivation has a long history in human civilization, with records showing the cultivation of cereal plants beginning at around 8000 BC. This early plant breeding was developed primarily to provide a steady supply of food.

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Breeding by Design for Functional Rice with Genome Editing Technologies
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Using genetic variation to optimize nutritional preemption.

Peter J Gillies1, Elaine S Krul

  • 1Central Research and Development, E.I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA. peter.j.gilles@usa.dupont.com

The Journal of Nutrition
|December 22, 2006
PubMed
Summary

Nutritional genomics offers personalized diet plans for chronic diseases, but its application faces challenges. A shift towards holistic, phenotypic approaches is needed for preemptive nutrition to become a practical reality.

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional genomics
  • Preventive medicine
  • Nutritional pharmacology

Background:

  • Nutritional genomics promises personalized dietary recommendations for chronic disease management through nutrient-gene interactions.
  • The field is debated, with comparisons to pharmacogenomics, which may oversimplify complexities and set unrealistic expectations.
  • Current approaches are being tested in cardiovascular disease and cancer prevention, with mixed results from major trials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the potential and limitations of nutritional genomics in preemptive disease management.
  • To discuss the challenges in translating epidemiologic findings into practical nutritional guidance.
  • To propose a more holistic and phenotypic focus for the future of nutrigenomic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review and critical analysis of the current state of nutritional genomics.
  • Examination of the pharmacogenomics paradigm and its applicability to nutrition.
  • Evaluation of evidence from key clinical trials (VISP, NORVIT, HOPE 2).

Main Results:

  • The pharmacogenomics model may not fully capture the complexities of nutritional pharmacology.
  • Clinical trial results highlight uncertainties in translating nutritional epidemiology into preemptive guidance.
  • A purely genetic determinism approach may be insufficient for effective preemptive nutrition.

Conclusions:

  • Nutritional genomics faces significant challenges in delivering on its promise for preemptive chronic disease management.
  • A paradigm shift towards a more holistic and phenotypic approach is crucial for advancing preemptive nutrition.
  • Further research focusing on integrated biological and clinical factors is necessary to establish preemptive nutrition as a safe and practical strategy.