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Related Concept Videos

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Mixed Reality Assisted Radical Endoscopic Thyroidectomy
08:06

Mixed Reality Assisted Radical Endoscopic Thyroidectomy

Published on: January 31, 2025

[Specific follow-up for pregnant patients with a thyroid dysfunction].

D Luton1, G Ducarme, E Vuillard

  • 1Service de maternité, hôpital Robert-Debré, APHP, université Paris-VII, 48, boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France. dluton@free.fr

Gynecologie, Obstetrique & Fertilite
|January 2, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid disease during pregnancy requires careful monitoring. While hypothyroidism is manageable with treatment, hyperthyroidism necessitates close fetal monitoring to ensure a healthy newborn, highlighting the importance of thyroid hormone regulation in pregnancy.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Mixed Reality Assisted Radical Endoscopic Thyroidectomy
08:06

Mixed Reality Assisted Radical Endoscopic Thyroidectomy

Published on: January 31, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Obstetrics
  • Fetal Medicine

Context:

  • Thyroid disease is common during pregnancy.
  • Thyroid hormones are crucial for fetal neurological development.
  • Both hormone deficiency and excess pose risks to the fetus.

Purpose:

  • To review the impact of thyroid dysfunction on pregnancy outcomes.
  • To outline monitoring strategies for pregnant individuals with thyroid conditions.
  • To emphasize the importance of biological monitoring and multidisciplinary care.

Summary:

  • Maternal hypothyroidism, when adequately substituted, has minimal impact on pregnancy.
  • Maternal hyperthyroidism requires strict fetal monitoring, often via echographic scanning, to achieve a healthy outcome.
  • Iodine deficiency remains a concern for neurodevelopmental outcomes, particularly in regions like France.

Impact:

  • Proper management of thyroid disease in pregnancy can lead to healthy euthyroid newborns.
  • Highlights the critical role of thyroid hormones in fetal brain development.
  • Underscores the need for vigilant biological monitoring and specialized care teams for complex cases like active Graves' disease.