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Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...

Impact

Impact

Impact occurs when two bodies collide, leading to the application of impulsive forces between them. Analyzing impact mechanics involves considering two colliding particles moving along a line known as the line of impact, which passes through their centers and is perpendicular to the contact plane.
When particles with different initial velocities collide, they induce deformation by applying equal and opposite impulses. At the point of maximum deformation, the particles move together with...

Knee Joint

Knee Joint

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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
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Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary or...

Structural Classification of Joints

Structural Classification of Joints

Joints, also known as articulations, are classified based on their structural characteristics, i.e., based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity. These differences serve to divide the joints of the body into three structural classifications.
A fibrous joint is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective...

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Updated: Jul 17, 2026

A Reproducible Cartilage Impact Model to Generate Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis in the Rabbit

A Reproducible Cartilage Impact Model to Generate Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis in the Rabbit

Published on: November 21, 2023

Mechanical impact and articular cartilage.

C Corey Scott¹, Kyriacos A Athanasiou

¹Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, USA.

Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering

|January 9, 2007

Summary

Mechanical impact causes significant articular cartilage damage. Understanding cartilage tolerance to impact is crucial for preventing post-traumatic arthritis and osteoarthritis.

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Orthopedics
Mechanobiology

Background:

Mechanical impact forces from injuries like car accidents and falls cause substantial articular cartilage damage.
The economic and quality of life costs associated with these injuries are immense.
Cartilage tolerance levels and the resulting mechanobiologic effects of impact are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the tolerance of articular cartilage to mechanical impact forces.
To characterize the mechanobiologic sequelae of impact-induced cartilage damage.
To establish a robust model system for evaluating treatments aimed at preventing post-traumatic arthritis.

Main Methods:

Utilizing a comprehensive testing design.
Incorporating morphological, biomechanical, and quantitative biochemical characterization.

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Real-time Visualization and Analysis of Chondrocyte Injury Due to Mechanical Loading in Fully Intact Murine Cartilage Explants

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In Vitro Impact Model to Generate Sublethal Chondrocyte Injury in Bovine Cartilage Explants

In Vitro Impact Model to Generate Sublethal Chondrocyte Injury in Bovine Cartilage Explants

Published on: June 27, 2025

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Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

A Reproducible Cartilage Impact Model to Generate Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis in the Rabbit

A Reproducible Cartilage Impact Model to Generate Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis in the Rabbit

Published on: November 21, 2023

Real-time Visualization and Analysis of Chondrocyte Injury Due to Mechanical Loading in Fully Intact Murine Cartilage Explants

Real-time Visualization and Analysis of Chondrocyte Injury Due to Mechanical Loading in Fully Intact Murine Cartilage Explants

Published on: January 7, 2019

In Vitro Impact Model to Generate Sublethal Chondrocyte Injury in Bovine Cartilage Explants

In Vitro Impact Model to Generate Sublethal Chondrocyte Injury in Bovine Cartilage Explants

Published on: June 27, 2025

Employing genetic characterization within a model system for articular cartilage impact.

Main Results:

Previous studies indicate a threshold for damaging impact forces on articular cartilage.
Impact severity dictates the extent of damage, ranging from surface damage to subchondral bone fracture.
Genetic and environmental factors influence cartilage's response to impact.

Conclusions:

Further research is needed to fully understand the genetic and biochemical responses to impact.
Developing a robust model system is key to testing interventions.
The ultimate goal is to decrease post-traumatic arthritis and delay osteoarthritis.