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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
Gross Anatomy of Bone01:17

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The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
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Spongy Bone01:09

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion
09:32

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Published on: April 11, 2018

Semiautomated finite element mesh generation methods for a long bone.

T W Pfeiler1, D S Lalush, E G Loboa

  • 1Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC, United States.

Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
|January 9, 2007
PubMed
Summary

A new semi-automated method for generating finite element models from CT scans of canine radius bones was developed. This approach accurately predicts bone strain, offering a valuable tool for biomechanical analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Orthopedic Biomechanics
  • Medical Imaging Analysis

Background:

  • Finite element analysis (FEA) is crucial for understanding bone mechanics.
  • Accurate FEA models require detailed geometric and material property representation.
  • Current methods for generating FEA models from medical images can be labor-intensive and require mesh smoothing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a semi-automated finite element mesh generation technique using computed tomography (CT) data.
  • To directly correlate CT Hounsfield units to bone elastic moduli for improved model accuracy.
  • To minimize user interaction and eliminate the need for mesh smoothing in FEA model generation.

Main Methods:

  • A semi-automated method was developed to generate finite element meshes directly from CT images of a canine radius.
  • CT Hounsfield units were directly converted to elastic moduli, creating a nonuniform material distribution.
  • The generated model was validated through four-point bending tests, comparing experimental strains to computational predictions.

Main Results:

  • The developed nonuniform voxel-based model demonstrated high accuracy in predicting axial strain (R(2)=0.9764).
  • This method successfully minimized user interaction and avoided the need for mesh smoothing.
  • Performance was superior to geometry-based and uniform modulus voxel-based models.

Conclusions:

  • The semi-automated finite element mesh generation method using CT data provides an accurate and efficient approach for biomechanical analysis of bone.
  • Direct conversion of CT values to elastic moduli is a viable strategy for creating realistic material properties in FEA models.
  • This technique has potential applications in analyzing orthopedic conditions and designing implants.