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Morphine and its metabolites: analytical methodologies for its determination
M Espinosa Bosch1, A Ruiz Sánchez, F Sánchez Rojas
1Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
|January 9, 2007
Summary
This review covers analytical methods for determining morphine and its metabolites from 1980 to 2006. It categorizes these methods into non-chromatographic and chromatographic techniques for comprehensive analysis.
Area of Science:
- Analytical Chemistry
- Pharmacology
- Forensic Science
Background:
- Morphine and its metabolites are crucial in clinical and forensic toxicology.
- Accurate determination methods are essential for therapeutic drug monitoring and legal investigations.
- A comprehensive review of published determination methods is needed.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review and classify analytical determination methods for morphine and its metabolites.
- To cover the period from 1980 to mid-2006.
- To provide an overview of the most relevant analytical determinations.
Main Methods:
- Literature search for published methods of morphine and metabolite determination.
- Classification of methods into non-chromatographic and chromatographic categories.
- Analysis of the relevance and scope of the identified analytical determinations.
Main Results:
- Identified and reviewed numerous analytical methods for morphine and its metabolites.
- Categorized methods into non-chromatographic (e.g., immunoassays) and chromatographic (e.g., HPLC, GC-MS) techniques.
- Highlighted the evolution and variety of analytical approaches over the review period.
Conclusions:
- A wide array of analytical methods exist for morphine and its metabolites.
- Chromatographic methods offer high specificity and sensitivity for complex matrices.
- The choice of method depends on the specific analytical requirements and matrix involved.
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