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Morphine and its metabolites: analytical methodologies for its determination.

M Espinosa Bosch¹, A Ruiz Sánchez, F Sánchez Rojas

¹Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain.

Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis

|January 9, 2007

Summary

This review covers analytical methods for determining morphine and its metabolites from 1980 to 2006. It categorizes these methods into non-chromatographic and chromatographic techniques for comprehensive analysis.

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Area of Science:

Analytical Chemistry
Pharmacology
Forensic Science

Background:

Morphine and its metabolites are crucial in clinical and forensic toxicology.
Accurate determination methods are essential for therapeutic drug monitoring and legal investigations.
A comprehensive review of published determination methods is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and classify analytical determination methods for morphine and its metabolites.
To cover the period from 1980 to mid-2006.
To provide an overview of the most relevant analytical determinations.

Main Methods:

Literature search for published methods of morphine and metabolite determination.
Classification of methods into non-chromatographic and chromatographic categories.
Analysis of the relevance and scope of the identified analytical determinations.

Main Results:

Identified and reviewed numerous analytical methods for morphine and its metabolites.
Categorized methods into non-chromatographic (e.g., immunoassays) and chromatographic (e.g., HPLC, GC-MS) techniques.
Highlighted the evolution and variety of analytical approaches over the review period.

Conclusions:

A wide array of analytical methods exist for morphine and its metabolites.
Chromatographic methods offer high specificity and sensitivity for complex matrices.
The choice of method depends on the specific analytical requirements and matrix involved.