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Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Microtensiometer for Confocal Microscopy Visualization of Dynamic Interfaces
Published on: September 9, 2022
Miniature near-infrared dual-axes confocal microscope utilizing a two-dimensional microelectromechanical systems
Jonathan T C Liu1, Michael J Mandella, Hyejun Ra
1Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. jonliu@stanfordalumni.org
Abstract:
The first, to our knowledge, miniature dual-axes confocal microscope has been developed, with an outer diameter of 10 mm, for subsurface imaging of biological tissues with 5-7 microm resolution. Depth-resolved en face images are obtained at 30 frames per second, with a field of view of 800 x 100 microm, by employing a two-dimensional scanning microelectromechanical systems mirror. Reflectance and fluorescence images are obtained with a laser source at 785 nm, demonstrating the ability to perform real-time optical biopsy.
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